SEC. 91.9705. BENCHMARKING AND SELF-REPORTING OF ENERGY AND WATER CONSUMPTION INFORMATION.
Los Angeles Rent Rules (LAMC excerpts) · 2025 edition · updated 2026-07-25 · Los Angeles
(Added by Ord. No. 184,674, Eff. 1/29/17.)
91.9705.1. Annual Energy and Water Benchmarking and Reporting. For every building subject to this division, the building owner shall annually submit to the Department an energy and water benchmarking report according to the schedule set forth in Section 91.9708. The energy and water benchmarking report shall be based on an assessment in the ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager of the total energy and water consumed by the whole building for the entire calendar year being reported. The energy and water benchmarking report shall, at minimum, include the following:
Descriptive Information. Basic descriptive information to track and report a building's compliance with this division, including but not limited to the building address, facility gross square footage, property type, and the individual or entity responsible for the benchmarking report.
Energy and Water Benchmarking Information. Information necessary to benchmark energy and water usage, including, at a minimum, the following data:
(a) The ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager ENERGY STAR score for the building, where available;
(b) The weather-normalized site and source energy use intensity (EUI) per unit area per year (kBTU per square foot per year) for the building;
(c) The site and source energy use intensity (EUI) per unit area per year (kBTU per square foot per year) for the building;
(d) The annual carbon dioxide equivalent emissions due to energy use for the building as estimated by ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager;
(e) Indoor water use, indoor water intensity, outdoor water use (when available), total water use, and irrigated area (if any); and (Amended by Ord. No. 186,789, Eff. 11/12/20.)
(f) Number of years the building has been ENERGY STAR® Certified and the last approval date, if applicable.
Nothing in this division shall be construed to permit a building owner to use tenant utility usage data for purposes other than compliance with benchmarking report requirements. Nor shall the reporting requirements of this division be construed to excuse building owners from compliance with federal or state laws governing direct access to tenant utility data from the responsible utility.
91.9705.2. Quality Check of Benchmarking Report Submission. The building owner or the owner's authorized representative shall run all automated data quality checker functions available within ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager, and shall correct all missing or incorrect information as identified by ENERGY STAR® Portfolio Manager prior to submitting the benchmarking report to the Department.
91.9705.3. Exemptions from Benchmarking Report Submission. The owner of a building subject to this division shall not be required to file a benchmarking report for a reporting year if any of the following conditions apply:
The building did not have a Certificate of Occupancy or Temporary Certificate of Occupancy for the entire calendar year required to be benchmarked;
The entire building was not occupied, due to renovation, for the entire calendar year required to be benchmarked;
The demolition permit for the entire building has been issued and demolition work has commenced on or before the date the benchmarking report is due for that calendar year;
The building did not receive energy or water services for the entire calendar year required to be benchmarked.
For each reporting cycle, the Department shall determine whether an exemption under this subsection applies to a building. Appeal of a determination that a building is not exempt shall be made according to the procedures set forth in Subsection 98.0403.2 of the Los Angeles Municipal Code.
91.9705.4. Publication of Limited Summary Data. The Department shall make the following information available to the public on the internet, as reported by building owners, and update the information at least annually:
Summary statistics on overall compliance with this division;
Summary statistics on overall energy and water consumption of buildings subject to this division derived from aggregation of annual benchmarking reports; and
For each building subject to this division:
(a) Building address and property use type;
(b) Annual summary statistics for the whole building derived from the submitted benchmarking report, including all information required under Subsection 91.9705.1, except for Subdivision 2.(f); and
(c) The status of compliance with the requirements of this division.
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Ask AI about this code▸ Contents — Los Angeles Rent Rules (LAMC excerpts)
- Chapter I
-
▸ Chapter IX
Overview- SEC. 91.101. TITLE, PURPOSE, AND SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.102. UNSAFE BUILDINGS OR STRUCTURES.
- SEC. 91.103. VIOLATIONS.
- SEC. 91.104. ORGANIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT.
- SEC. 91.105. APPEALS.
- SEC. 91.106. PERMITS.
- SEC. 91.107. FEES.
- SEC. 91.108. INSPECTION.
- SEC. 91.109. CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY.
- SEC. 91.110. RESPONSIBILITY OF PERMITTEE.
- SEC. 91.111. CODE REVISION.
- SEC. 91.113. PERMIT FEES.
- SEC. 91.201. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.202. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.300. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.400. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.500. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.600. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.700. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.703. FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS AND FIRE TESTS.
- SEC. 91.800. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.900. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.909. SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEMS.
- SEC. 91.1000. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1100. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1200. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1206. SOUND TRANSMISSION.
- SEC. 91.1300. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.1301. SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS.
- SEC. 91.1400. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1402. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.1500. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1505. FIRE CLASSIFICATION.
- SEC. 91.1507. REQUIREMENTS FOR ROOF COVERINGS.
- SEC. 91.1511. REROOFING.
- SEC. 91.1600. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1603. CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS.
- SEC. 91.1609. WIND LOADS.
- SEC. 91.1612. FLOOD LOADS.
- SEC. 91.1613. EARTHQUAKE LOADS.
- SEC. 91.1700. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.1702. NEW MATERIALS.
- SEC. 91.1703. APPROVALS.
- SEC. 91.1704. SPECIAL INSPECTIONS.
- SEC. 91.1705. REQUIRED VERIFICATION AND INSPECTION.
- SEC. 91.1706. DESIGN STRENGTHS OF MATERIALS.
- SEC. 91.1710. CERTIFIED SECURITY BAR INSTALLER.
- SEC. 91.1711. PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.1800. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.1801. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.1802. DESIGN BASIS.
- SEC. 91.1803. GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION.
- SEC. 91.1804. EXCAVATION, GRADING AND FILL.
- SEC. 91.1805. DAMPPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING.
- SEC. 91.1806. PRESUMPTIVE LOAD BEARING VALUES OF SOILS.
- SEC. 91.1807. FOUNDATION WALLS, RETAINING WALLS, AND EMBEDDED …
- SEC. 91.1808. FOUNDATIONS.
- SEC. 91.1809. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS.
- SEC. 91.1810. DEEP FOUNDATIONS..
- SEC. 91.1900. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2000. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2100. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2113. MASONRY CHIMNEYS.
- SEC. 91.2200. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2204. CONNECTIONS.
- SEC. 91.2300. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2301. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.2304. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.2305. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR LATERAL FORCE-RE…
- SEC. 91.2306. ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN.
- SEC. 91.2308. CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.2400. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2503. INSPECTIONS.
- SEC. 91.2600. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2700. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2800. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.2900. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.3000. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.3001. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.3002. HOISTWAY ENCLOSURES.
- SEC. 91.3003. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS.
- SEC. 91.3004. CONVEYING SYSTEMS.
- SEC. 91.3005. CONVEYING SYSTEMS.
- SEC. 91.3007. FIRE SERVICE ACCESS ELEVATOR.
- SEC. 91.3008. OCCUPANT EVACUATION ELEVATORS.
- SEC. 91.3100. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.3106. MARQUEES.
- SEC. 91.3108. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND BROADCAST TOWERS.
- SEC. 91.3109. SWIMMING POOL ENCLOSURES AND SAFETY DEVICES.
- SEC. 91.3112. PATIO COVERS.
- SEC. 91.3200. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.3201. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.3202. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.3300. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.3301. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.3304. SITE WORK.
- SEC. 91.3305. TOILET FACILITIES DURING CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.3306. PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS.
- SEC. 91.3307. PROTECTION OF ADJOINING PROPERTY.
- SEC. 91.3500. BASIC PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.6101. IMPACT HAZARD GLAZING IN EXISTING BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.6102. RUBBISH ROOMS.
- SEC. 91.6103. SHAFTS, PITS AND SIMILAR EXCAVATION – MISDEMEANOR.
- SEC. 91.6104. FIRE DISTRICTS.
- SEC. 91.6105. SEPARATION FROM OIL WELLS.
- SEC. 91.6107. TRANSFORMER VAULTS.
- SEC. 91.6109. SWIMMING POOLS AND OTHER BODIES OF WATER – PROTE…
- SEC. 91.6201. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.6202. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.6203. LOCATION.
- SEC. 91.6204. IDENTIFICATION.
- SEC. 91.6205. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.6206. ELECTRICAL.
- SEC. 91.6207. COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS.
- SEC. 91.6208. ANIMATED DEVICES.
- SEC. 91.6209. GROUND SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6210. ROOF SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6211. WALL SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6212. PROJECTING SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6213. MARQUEE SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6214. PORTABLE SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6215. REFERENCED STANDARDS.
- SEC. 91.6216. EXISTING SIGNS.
- SEC. 91.6301. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.6302. FOOD ESTABLISHMENT.
- SEC. 91.6303. SERVICE STATIONS.
- SEC. 91.6304. RESIDENTIAL USES.
- SEC. 91.6305. PARKING GARAGES SERVING RESIDENTIAL USES.
- SEC. 91.6306. ANTI-GRAFFITI FINISH TO EXTERIOR WALLS.
- SEC. 91.6307. SHOWER AND LOCKER FACILITIES.
- SEC. 91.6701. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.6702. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.6703. LIMITATIONS.
- SEC. 91.6704. ALTERNATE SECURITY PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.6705. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.6706. ENTRY VISION.
- SEC. 91.6707. APPURTENANT ACCESS.
- SEC. 91.6708. DOORS – GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.6709. SWINGING DOORS.
- SEC. 91.6710. SLIDING GLASS DOORS.
- SEC. 91.6711. OVERHEAD AND SLIDING DOORS.
- SEC. 91.6712. METAL ACCORDION-GRATE OR GRILLE-TYPE DOORS.
- SEC. 91.6713. GLAZED OPENING – GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.6714. GLAZING.
- SEC. 91.6715. WINDOWS.
- SEC. 91.6716. OPENINGS OTHER THAN DOORS OR GLAZED OPENINGS.
- SEC. 91.6717. TESTS – GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.7001. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.7002. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.7003. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.7004. GRADING DESIGNATION.
- SEC. 91.7005. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.7006. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO ISSUING A GRADING PERMIT.
- SEC. 91.7007. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING GRADING.
- SEC. 91.7008. PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION FOR EN…
- SEC. 91.7009. PROFESSIONAL INSPECTION FOR REGULAR GRADING.
- SEC. 91.7010. EXCAVATIONS.
- SEC. 91.7011. FILLS.
- SEC. 91.7012. PLANTING AND IRRIGATION OF CUT AND FILL SLOPES I…
- SEC. 91.7013. EROSION CONTROL AND DRAINAGE DEVICES.
- SEC. 91.7014. CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITATIONS.
- SEC. 91.7015. BUTTRESS FILLS.
- SEC. 91.7016. AREAS SUBJECTED TO SLIDES AND UNSTABLE SOIL.
- SEC. 91.7101. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.7102. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.7103. GENERAL METHANE MITIGATION REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.7104. GENERAL METHANE REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.7105. EXISTING BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.7106. TESTING, MAINTENANCE AND SERVICE OF GAS-DETECTIO…
- SEC. 91.7107. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.
- SEC. 91.7108. APPLICATION OF METHANE SEEPAGE REGULATIONS TO LO…
- SEC. 91.7109. ADDITIONAL REMEDIAL MEASURES.
- SEC. 91.7200. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.7201. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.7202. ADDITIONS TO BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.7203. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.7204. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE DISTRICT NUMBER 1.
- SEC. 91.7205. PROVISIONAL STRUCTURES.
- SEC. 91.7207. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE VERY HIGH FIRE HAZA…
- SEC. 91.7208. PROHIBITED VEHICLES.
- SEC. 91.8101. GENERAL PROVISIONS.
- SEC. 91.8102. ENFORCEMENT.
- SEC. 91.8103. EXISTING BUILDING RIGHTS.
- SEC. 91.8104. BASIC MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF EXISTING BUILDIN…
- SEC. 91.8105. ILLEGAL BUILDINGS, CONSTRUCTION AND USE.
- SEC. 91.8106. FIRE DISTRICT REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.8108. NUISANCES, HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS AND SUBSTANDARD R…
- SEC. 91.8109. RELOCATED BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.8110. UNREINFORCED MASONRY BEARING WALL BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.8111. RESIDENTIAL HEATING.
- SEC. 91.8112. RESIDENTIAL PLUMBING.
- SEC. 91.8113. ROD BRACING SYSTEMS.
- SEC. 91.8114. PARAPETS AND APPENDAGES.
- SEC. 91.8115. SANDBLASTING.
- SEC. 91.8116. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LIGHT-HOUSEKEEPING ROOMS.
- SEC. 91.8117. FIRE WATCH.
- SEC. 91.8118. POOL WATER CLARITY.
- SEC. 91.8119. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES.
- SEC. 91.8201. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.8202. CHANGE OF RATING CLASSIFICATION.
- SEC. 91.8203. CHANGE OF OCCUPANCY GROUP OR GROUP DIVISION.
- SEC. 91.8204. CHANGE OF USE.
- SEC. 91.8205. CERTIFICATE OF BUILDING COMPLIANCE.
- SEC. 91.8301. GENERAL APPLICATION.
- SEC. 91.8302. PERMITS REQUIRED – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
- SEC. 91.8303. PERMIT APPLICATION – PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS.
- SEC. 91.8304. SPECIAL CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH A PERMIT WILL NOT…
- SEC. 91.8305. GUARANTEE OF COMPLETION REQUIRED.
- SEC. 91.8306. TERMS OF PERMIT.
- SEC. 91.8307. DEFAULT IN PERFORMANCE OF CONDITIONS OR TERMS OF…
- SEC. 91.8308. PERMIT FEES.
- SEC. 91.8309. ENTRY UPON PREMISES.
- SEC. 91.8501. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.8502. ALTERNATIVE STANDARDS.
- SEC. 91.8601. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.8602. GROUP E OCCUPANCIES.
- SEC. 91.8603. FIRE PROTECTION – WARNING SYSTEM.
- SEC. 91.8604. FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS.
- SEC. 91.8605. EMERGENCY HOMELESS SHELTERS.
- SEC. 91.8606. EMERGENCY LIGHTING STANDARDS FOR EXISTING RESIDE…
- SEC. 91.8607. TENANT SAFETY FOR APARTMENT HOUSES, EXCEPT FOR R…
- SEC. 91.8801. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.8802. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.8803. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.8804. RATING CLASSIFICATIONS.
- SEC. 91.8805. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.8806. ADMINISTRATION.
- SEC. 91.8807. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.8808. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.
- SEC. 91.8809. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.8810. INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS.
- SEC. 91.8811. DESIGN CHECK – COMPATIBILITY OF ROOF DIAPHRAGM S…
- SEC. 91.8812. VIOLATIONS.
- SEC. 91.8813. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VACANT BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.8901. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.8902. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.8903. ABATEMENT PROCEDURES.
- SEC. 91.8903 Los Angeles Municipal Code.
- SEC. 91.8904. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR VACANT PROPERTY GRAFFITI …
- SEC. 91.8905. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR VACATING, BARRICADING, RE…
- SEC. 91.8906. PAYMENT AND RECOVERY OF REPAIR AND DEMOLITION FU…
- SEC. 91.8907. ABATEMENT OF PUBLIC NUISANCE CONDITIONS RELATED …
- SEC. 91.8908. SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR THE REPAIR OF WELDED STEE…
- SEC. 91.8910. PROCEDURE FOR ABATEMENT OF NUISANCE; RECOVERY OF…
- SEC. 91.9001. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.9002. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9003. ABATEMENT PROCEDURES.
- SEC. 91.9101. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.9102. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.9103. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9104. RATING CLASSIFICATIONS.
- SEC. 91.9105. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.9106. ADMINISTRATION.
- SEC. 91.9107. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.9108. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.
- SEC. 91.9109. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.9110. INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS.
- SEC. 91.9111. REQUIRED BUILDING MAINTENANCE.
- SEC. 91.9112. VIOLATIONS – PENALTIES FOR DISREGARDING DEPARTME…
- SEC. 91.9201. GENERAL.
- SEC. 91.9202. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9203. STRUCTURAL WEAKNESSES.
- SEC. 91.9204. STRENGTHENING REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.9205. QUALITY CONTROL.
- SEC. 91.9301. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.9302. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.9303. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9304. PRIORITY DESIGNATIONS.
- SEC. 91.9305. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.9306. ADMINISTRATION.
- SEC. 91.9307. OCCUPANT AND TENANT ADVISORY.
- SEC. 91.9308. HISTORICAL BULDINGS.
- SEC. 91.9309. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
- SEC. 91.9310. INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS.
- SEC. 91.9311. VIOLATION / PENALTY.
- SEC. 91.9312. SEVERABILITY.
- SEC. 91.9401. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.9402. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.9403. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9404. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.9405. PRE-DESIGN INVESTIGATION.
- SEC. 91.9406. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.
- SEC. 91.9407. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.9408. QUALITY CONTROL.
- SEC. 91.9409. INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS.
- SEC. 91.9501. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.9502. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.9503. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9504. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS.
- SEC. 91.9505. ADMINISTRATION.
- SEC. 91.9506. OCCUPANT AND TENANT ADVISORY.
- SEC. 91.9507. HISTORICAL BUILDINGS.
- SEC. 91.9508. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS.
- SEC. 91.9509. INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS.
- SEC. 91.9510. VIOLATION / PENALTY.
- SEC. 91.9511. SEVERABILITY.
- SEC. 91.9601. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.9602. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.9603. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9604. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN.
- SEC. 91.9605. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION.
- SEC. 91.9606. INFORMATION REQUIRED ON PLANS.
- SEC. 91.9701. TITLE.
- SEC. 91.9702. PURPOSE.
- SEC. 91.9703. SCOPE.
- SEC. 91.9704. DEFINITIONS.
- SEC. 91.9705. BENCHMARKING AND SELF-REPORTING OF ENERGY AND WA…
- SEC. 91.9706. ENERGY AND WATER AUDITS AND RETRO-COMMISSIONING.
- SEC. 91.9707. RECORD MAINTENANCE.
- SEC. 91.9708. SCHEDULE FOR COMPLIANCE.
- SEC. 91.9709. NONCOMPLIANCE FEE.
- SEC. 91.9710. SUBMITTAL FEES.
- SEC. 91.9711. BUILDING AND SAFETY DEVELOPMENT SURCHARGE.
- SEC. 91.9712. SEVERABILITY.
- Article 1.2
- Article 1.5
- Article 7
- Article 8
- Article 9
- Chapter XV
- Chapter XVI